Timelines tagged “materials”
4 timelines
- Cement
Cement from Roman hydraulic binders around 150 BCE through Portland cement, industrial kilns, mass construction, and lower-emission production in 2025.
- Pen
Ink-writing instruments from Egyptian rush brushes and Greek reed pens through quills, steel nibs and the fountain pen to the ballpoint, felt-tip, rollerball and gel pens and digital styluses, over about 4,600 years to the 2020s.
- Pencil
The graphite pencil, from the Borrowdale graphite deposit worked in 16th-century England and Conté's 1795 clay-graphite process through erasers, mechanical pencils and factory mass production to extruded and self-rotating pencils in the 21st century.
- Steel
Steel from South Asian crucible production in the first millennium BCE to mass production, electric recycling, Asian industrial expansion, and hydrogen-based ironmaking in 2021.